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-FOOTNOTES
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-10 Ilya Prigogine, \et{Unity of Physical Laws and Levels of Description} in
-M. Grene (editor) \jt{Interpretations of Life and Mind} (N.Y., Humanities
-Press, 1971) and Ilya Prigogine and others \et{Thermodynamics of Evolution} in \jt{Physics Today} Vol. 25 #1, 1972,
-
-11 See John and Nancy Jack Todd, \bt{Tomorrow Is Our Permanent Address} (N.Y., Harper \& Row, 1980), p. 48.
-
-12 See Magoran Maruyama, \et{The Cybernetics: Deviation-Amplifying
-Mutual Causal Processes} in \jt{American Scientist} \#51, 1963, and G.
-Nicolis and I. Prigogine., \bt{Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems}
- N.Y., Wiley Interscience, 1977).
-
-13 Lancelot L. Whyte, \et{Towards a Science of Form} in \jt{Hudson Review}
-Vol 23 \#4, Winter 1970--71, reminds us of the sense in which the
-natural world is a perceptually present world of spatial units from
-molecules, crystals, organisms to solar systems and spiral nebul\ae.
-How thesee spatial forms are generated---how these units and hierarchies
-of units arise in nature---is the project of a morphic science.
-
-14 H.H. Pattee, \et{Complementarity vs. Reduction as Explanation of
-Biological Complexity} in \jt{American Journal of Physiology} Vol. 236
-\#5, May 1979 where he argues:
-
-\Q{As a consequence of this property of information none of the rules
-or constraints of information-processing systems can be reduced to
-rate-dependent equations (to the structural laws of nature T.S.), and
-therefore their descriptions cannot be integrated in time, as are rate
-equations, to give the trajectory or behavior of the system. Such
-informational constraints that have rate-independent alternative
-structures are called nonintegrable\ld\ constraints. I would define
-biological function as activity that is controlled or measured by
-nonintegrable constraints.}
-\Qs{(p. R244)}
-
-Both the explanatory laws of physics and the cybernetics of nonintegrable
-constraints are essential for an account of biological organization.
-
-15 Bateson, \e{op. cit.}, p. 460.
-
-16 Ilya Prigogine, \bt{From Being to Becomuing: Time and Complexity in the
-Phystcal Sciences} (San Francisco, WH. Freeman \& Co., 1980).
-
-17 G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, \bt{Self-Organization inn Nonequilibrium
-Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations}
-(N.Y., John Wiley \& Sons, 1977).
-
-18 See Marjorie Grene's \bt{Approaches to a Philosophical Biology} (N.Y.,
-Basic Books, 1965) for a discussion of Portmann's thinking in contrast
-to other biological theorists who reject the Galileian primary qualities
-as fundamental for organic life. For a brief introduction to Portmann
-in English, see \et{Beyond Darwinism}in \jt{Commentary} XL (1965), pp.
-31--41.
-
-19 This argument is developed below in Section 1V.
-
-20 J E. Lovelock, \bt{Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth} (N.Y., Oxford
-University Press, 1980)
-
-21 As indeed it has: See W. Ford Doolittle's review of Lovelock's book in
-\jt{Co-Evolution Quarterly} \#29, Spring 1981, pp. 58ff. where the charge
-that the feedback loops of Gaia are either created by natural selection
-or, more likely to Doolittle, occur by chance. In response, we can return
-to Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures:
-\Q{We here propose an alternative description of prebiotic evolution.
-The main idea is the possibility that a prebiological system may
-evolve through a whole succession of transitions leading to a hierarchy
-of more and more complex and organized states\ld\ As a
-result, if the system is to be able to evolve through successive
-instabilities, a mechanism must be developed whereby each new
-transition favors further evolution by increasing the nonlinearity
-and the distance from equilibrium. One obvious mechanism is that
-each transition enables the system to increase the entropy production\ld}
-\Qs{in \et{Thermodynamics of Evolution.} op. cit.}
-However other reviewers of the book find the hypothesis tenable: See
-K. Mellanby, \ht{New Scientist}, Oct 4, 1979; René Dubos, \jt{Nature}, Nov. 8,
-1979; P Morrison, \jt{Scientific American}, March 1980.
-
-22 Erns Mayr, \et{Teleological and Teleonomic: A New Analysis} in \jt{Boston
-Studies in the Philosophy of Science} 14 (1974), pp. 91--117.
-
-23 See EM. Lappe and J. Collins, \bt{Food First: The Myth of Scarcity}
-(Ballantine Press, 1978). Also see \bt{The New International Division of
-Labor} by F. Frobel, J. Heinrichs, D. Kreye (Cambridge University Press,
-1980).
-
-24 See Gerald O. Barney, \bt{The Global 2000 Report to the President of
-the U.S.: Vol. I The Summary Report} (NY., Pergamon Press, 1980).
-
-25 See Klaus Myer-Abich, \e{op. cit.}
-
-26 See Nicholas Georgesev-Roegen, \et{Inequality, Limits and Growth
-from a Bio-Economic Viewpoint} in \jt{Review of Social Economy} V. 35,
-Dec. 1977.
-
-26 See Serge Moscovici, \et{The Re-Enchantment of the World} in Norman
-Birnbaum, \bt{Beyond the Crisis} (N.Y., Oxford University Press,
-1977) for an analysis to which this paper is indebted.
-
-28 Raymond Dasmann, \et{Eco-Development} in the \jt{Planet Drum Review}
-Vol. 1 \#2, Winter 1981.
-
-29 The term \dq{re-inhabitation} is taken from one of many local journals
-which are now advocating the watershed as the natural eco-development
-unit. The strategy is the use of a combination of oral history and local
-ecological research as a place identification approach. See Paul Ryan's
-\bt{Talking Wood: Living in the Passaic Watershed}, 1980 (Talking Wood,
-PO.Box 364, Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442). (But the original use of the
-term was by Peter Berg in an article on \et{Re-Inhabitation of California}
-in \jt{The Ecologist} in the early 1970's.)
-
-30 See Ivan Illich, \bt{Shadow Work} (Boston, Marion Boyers, 1981).
-
-31 For the notion of communicative rationalization, see Jurgen Habermas'
-\et{Science and Technology as Ideology} in \bt{Toward a Rational Society}
-(Boston, Beacon, 1970). However, this paper represents a critique of
-Habermas' instrumental concept of natural science as well as his
-orientation toward core nation-states of the West. For an account of
-his notion of critical theory, see my \bt{The Critique of Domination}
-(Boston, Beacon, 1974).
-
-32 Yet there is a sense in which the anarchist position's notion that theory
-and practice is ultimately unified art the level of action which changes
-reality cannot be faulted. Especially in the American context, there is
-an affinity of anarcho-libertarianism and the historical symbols of
-independence, self-determination, and self-reliance which are, at least
-in origin, not reducible to possessive individualist idealizations of
-self-interested production for gain. These American practices were
-socially and ethically mediated by the ever-present American quest for
-\dq{community.} An anarchist practice still permeates the American
-movements for decentralization, ecology and approprate technology,
-feminism, etc. There is also a unique amalgam of Old World utopian
-surplus and contemporary anarchist, neo-primitivist, and nativist symbols
- that simply mystifies Marxists---especially theoreticans who expect
-social relations to dance according to their notion of reason.
-
-33 Russell Means, \et{For the World to Live, \sq{Europe} Must Die} in
-\jr{Mother Jones}, Dec. 1980.
-
-34 Wendell Berry, \bt{The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture}
-(San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1977).
-