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diff --git a/subnature.otx b/subnature.otx index c85a94d..8547fc6 100644 --- a/subnature.otx +++ b/subnature.otx @@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ a universally valid law\ld\ (which) was valid beyond the reach of human sense experience\ld, valid beyond the reach of human memory and the appearance of mankind on earth, valid even beyond the coming into existence of organic life and the earth -itself.\fnote{9}} +itself.\fnote{Hannah Arendt, \bt{The Human Condition}, \e{op. cit.}, p. 238ff.}} With modern science a cultural conviction emerged that the human species had established itself as \dq{universal} beings @@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ the Second World War has developed a critique of mechanical causation, a more generalized theory has recently added an alternative to classical mechanics and equilibrium thermodynamics. Contemporary non-equilibrium thermodynamics (e.g. -Ilya Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures)\fnote{10} adds another +Ilya Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures)\fnote{Ilya Prigogine, \et{Unity of Physical Laws and Levels of Description} in M. Grene (editor) \jt{Interpretations of Life and Mind} (N.Y., Humanities Press, 1971) and Ilya Prigogine and others \et{Thermodynamics of Evolution} in \jt{Physics Today} Vol. 25 #1, 1972.} adds another dimension to our understanding of emergent evolution in that biological processes exhibit deviation counteracting causalities that maintain non-equilibrium structures that are highly @@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ improbable. Biological organisms can maintain fluctuating structures within \e{limits} of contextual information patterns (e.g., homeostatic regulations). Such structures subsist against entropic decay, actually increase their complexity, and generate -new self-organizing heterogeneity.\fnote{11} This new perspective +new self-organizing heterogeneity.\fnote{See John and Nancy Jack Todd, \bt{Tomorrow Is Our Permanent Address} (N.Y., Harper \& Row, 1980), p. 48.} This new perspective shows that instead of random disorganizations, the outcome of bio-social events depends upon the stability of dissipative structures within the limits of contextual organizational @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ eco-system has greater diversity with greater capacities to accumulate and re-use resources. This movement, from fragile simplicity to complex and more stable diversity, exhibits a successional transformation from quantity as growth principle -to quality as principle of structural stability.\fnote{12} Such +to quality as principle of structural stability.\fnote{See Magoran Maruyama, \et{The Cybernetics: Deviation-Amplifying Mutual Causal Processes} in \jt{American Scientist} \#51, 1963, and G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine., \bt{Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems} (N.Y., Wiley Interscience, 1977).} Such successional transformation brings into the organization of the eco-system more organized inter-connectedness---that is, more contextually operative patterns of reciprocal causation @@ -272,14 +272,26 @@ own \e{informational structure} creates its own morphic genesis within that context. The patterns of this morphogenetic structure are presented within terrestrial \e{appearances}---representation of this order within universal physio-chemical formalized -language is possible but the \e{genesis} would be lost.\fnote{13} A +language is possible but the \e{genesis} would be lost.\fnote{Lancelot L. Whyte, \et{Towards a Science of Form} in \jt{Hudson Review} Vol 23 \#4, Winter 1970--71, reminds us of the sense in which the natural world is a perceptually present world of spatial units from molecules, crystals, organisms to solar systems and spiral nebul\ae. How thesee spatial forms are generated---how these units and hierarchies of units arise in nature---is the project of a morphic science.} A complementarity of natural science approaches to, at least, -terrestrial organic systems is suggested.\fnote{14} +terrestrial organic systems is suggested.\fnote{H.H. Pattee, \et{Complementarity vs. Reduction as Explanation of Biological Complexity} in \jt{American Journal of Physiology} Vol. 236 \#5, May 1979 where he argues: +\Q{As a consequence of this property of information none of the rules +or constraints of information-processing systems can be reduced to +rate-dependent equations (to the structural laws of nature T.S.), and +therefore their descriptions cannot be integrated in time, as are rate +equations, to give the trajectory or behavior of the system. Such +informational constraints that have rate-independent alternative +structures are called nonintegrable\ld\ constraints. I would define +biological function as activity that is controlled or measured by +nonintegrable constraints.} +\Qs{(p. R244)} +Both the explanatory laws of physics and the cybernetics of nonintegrable +constraints are essential for an account of biological organization.} A complementarity of analysis is, of course, what Gregory Bateson suggested by his distinction between entropic ecology (bio-energetics) and \dq{communicational,} or negentropic -ecology.\fnote{15} Awareness of relations, patterns, interactive forms, +ecology.\fnote{Bateson, \e{op. cit.}, p. 460.} Awareness of relations, patterns, interactive forms, symmetries, etc. is essential for recognition of how natural processes are transformed in \e{time.} Understanding the \e{genesis} of context-specific organizational forms is necessary if the @@ -301,7 +313,7 @@ improbable (in dynamic terms) non-equilibrium structures are situated in wider contexts. Hence, the theory of dissipative structures suggests that the physics of dynamic spatial events is not complete and requires the complementarity of an analysis -of irreversible structures too.\fnote{16} +of irreversible structures too.\fnote{Ilya Prigogine, \bt{From Being to Becomuing: Time and Complexity in the Phystcal Sciences} (San Francisco, WH. Freeman \& Co., 1980).} The implications of this effort to extend theoretical physics bas resulted in the Nobel Prize (1977) for Ilya Prigogine and its @@ -344,7 +356,7 @@ and they must be studied in conjunction with the developing world of dissipative and morpho-genetic structures. Such a complementarity will go into the very foundation of theoretical physics itself---as well as be duplicated at every \dq{level of -organization} within a self-organizing universe.\fnote{17} +organization} within a self-organizing universe.\fnote{G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, \bt{Self-Organization inn Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations} (N.Y., John Wiley \& Sons, 1977).} For example, the genesis of morphic patterns (or the generation of spatial forms) is accessible to description by the @@ -357,7 +369,7 @@ contextual patterns can be viewed as created by the interaction of forms of life striving to maintain themselves in context. Such morphic forms of organization display a patterned order that has been called \dq{authentic phenomena} (Portmann) within -the perceptible surfaces of the things that surround us.\fnote{18} The +the perceptible surfaces of the things that surround us.\fnote{See Marjorie Grene's \bt{Approaches to a Philosophical Biology} (N.Y., Basic Books, 1965) for a discussion of Portmann's thinking in contrast to other biological theorists who reject the Galileian primary qualities as fundamental for organic life. For a brief introduction to Portmann in English, see \et{Beyond Darwinism}in \jt{Commentary} XL (1965), pp. 31--41.} The origins of these perceptually discoverable forms are unintelligible in the formalizations of a Galilean science and yet are significant for the interaction of life forms. Life shows itself in @@ -378,7 +390,7 @@ organic unit whose living operations must be recognized to avoid ecological destruction. Secondly, the current division of knowledge has created a \dq{blind spot} in our knowledge which requires the rethinking of how modern science relates to -socio-economic development on a global scale.\fnote{19} The second +socio-economic development on a global scale.\fnote{This argument is developed below in Section IV.} The second becomes even more crucial in the context of the presence of \e{Gaia.} \sec III @@ -388,7 +400,7 @@ trying to define how to identify the presence of life on Mars or Venus. By modeling the earth's atmosphere along the principles of an analytical chemistry equilibrium, James Lovelock discovered significant differences in the atmospheric composition -of the earth in comparison to Venus and Mars.\fnote{20} +of the earth in comparison to Venus and Mars.\fnote{J E. Lovelock, \bt{Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth} (N.Y., Oxford University Press, 1980)} Computer simulations indicated that the final equilibrium, or steady state, atmosphere for earth would resemble that of Mars and Venus with approximately 98\% carbon dioxide, @@ -484,11 +496,14 @@ organism whose homeostasis is only now being recognized. The Gaia hypothesis remains fruitful as long as the global patterns of goal-maintenance cannot be explained in terms of the laws of their components. No doubt the charge of \dq{teleology} -will appear.\fnote{21} But if we understand that \dq{teleology} +will appear.\fnote{As indeed it has: See W. Ford Doolittle's review of Lovelock's book in \jt{Co-Evolution Quarterly} \#29, Spring 1981, pp. 58ff. where the charge that the feedback loops of Gaia are either created by natural selection or, more likely to Doolittle, occur by chance. In response, we can return to Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures: +\Q{We here propose an alternative description of prebiotic evolution. The main idea is the possibility that a prebiological system may evolve through a whole succession of transitions leading to a hierarchy of more and more complex and organized states\ld\ As a result, if the system is to be able to evolve through successive instabilities, a mechanism must be developed whereby each new transition favors further evolution by increasing the nonlinearity and the distance from equilibrium. One obvious mechanism is that each transition enables the system to increase the entropy production\ld} +\Qs{in \et{Thermodynamics of Evolution.} op. cit.} +However other reviewers of the book find the hypothesis tenable: See K. Mellanby, \ht{New Scientist}, Oct 4, 1979; René Dubos, \jt{Nature}, Nov. 8, 1979; P Morrison, \jt{Scientific American}, March 1980.} But if we understand that \dq{teleology} refers to something that stands outside of a process and yet directs it too, then homeostasis and morphogenetic processes are not teleological. The patterns of reciprocal causality are -\dq{teleonomic,}\fnote{22} in the sense of goal-directedness according to +\dq{teleonomic,}\fnote{Erns Mayr, \et{Teleological and Teleonomic: A New Analysis} in \jt{Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science} 14 (1974), pp. 91--117.} in the sense of goal-directedness according to the operations of informational structures inherent in the forms of organization. Hence, no claim is made that a final end stands outside of the mechanisms of change and directs it @@ -540,7 +555,7 @@ cycles determine a global dynamic of environmental simplification which amplifies the technical interventions and domination of nature on a world scale. International differences in \dq{income} (read hierarchical power advantages) force a global -dynamic of rapid economic development for all.\fnote{22} Low income +dynamic of rapid economic development for all.\fnote{See EM. Lappe and J. Collins, \bt{Food First: The Myth of Scarcity} (Ballantine Press, 1978). Also see \bt{The New International Division of Labor} by F. Frobel, J. Heinrichs, D. Kreye (Cambridge University Press, 1980).} Low income countries are forced by rising food prices, especially in areas already subject to declining food production, to pursue desperation techniques that further degrade the land and create @@ -563,7 +578,7 @@ science to ever more powerful interventions in agricultural production is an intensification of the income gap between the less and more developed countries and an even greater desperation that leads to worse ecological interventions to meet -immediate needs.\fnote{24} +immediate needs.\fnote{See Gerald O. Barney, \bt{The Global 2000 Report to the President of the U.S.: Vol. I The Summary Report} (NY., Pergamon Press, 1980).} The logic of management and development imposed by an international economic system forces the immediate evaluation @@ -572,7 +587,7 @@ presumes that the commodification of the environment---as the costs of producing a resource and bringing it to markets---also makes ecological sense. This logic of commodification is also extended to pollution, where the polluter-pays principle -supposedly will restrict levels of pollution.\fnote{25} But, the ecologically +supposedly will restrict levels of pollution.\fnote{See Klaus Myer-Abich, \e{op. cit.}} But, the ecologically necessary components---such as genetic variety supplied by wild habitats---do not have any commodity value in pres- ent market evaluation. They are \dq{external} to the costs of @@ -636,8 +651,7 @@ contexts of economic processes and seem to assume that the price mechanism can create matter and energy, prevent ecological crises, and stop social conflicts that derive from the inequal distribution of natural resources and the knowledge -and tools needed to develop them.\fnote{26} - +and tools needed to develop them.\fnote{See Nicholas Georgesev-Roegen, \et{Inequality, Limits and Growth from a Bio-Economic Viewpoint} in \jt{Review of Social Economy} V. 35, Dec. 1977.} Not least of all in these cycles of economic and technical pressures upon the earth is the growing desperation of newly proletarianized workers everywhere. Increasing intensification @@ -650,7 +664,7 @@ This global dynamic of enforced domination of nature and international divisions of labor is a story that can be told from the point of view of the expanding system's \dq{stability}---or from the point of view of coercions upon the subsistence -forms of human survival which it uproots (de-territorializes).\fnote{27} +forms of human survival which it uproots (de-territorializes).\fnote{See Serge Moscovici, \et{The Re-Enchantment of the World} in Norman Birnbaum, \bt{Beyond the Crisis} (N.Y., Oxford University Press, 1977) for an analysis to which this paper is indebted.} This global dynamic is created by the interests of the metropoles over the interests of villagers, peasants, rural communities, dependent unskilled workers, etc. on an international scale. @@ -677,7 +691,7 @@ experimental models of eco-development can and are being created that discover multiple-use of local resources, identify sustainable yields that meet the needs of local peoples, while encouraging self-reliance and symbiosis between people and -nature.\fnote{28} This means participation in the natural forces that +nature.\fnote{Raymond Dasmann, \et{Eco-Development} in the \jt{Planet Drum Review} Vol. 1 \#2, Winter 1981.} This means participation in the natural forces that make life possible in ways which are compatible with their permanent sustainability (e.g., renewal energy sources) both locally and globally. Participation in nature does not mean @@ -687,7 +701,7 @@ appropriation of technical knowledge of renewable energy, food production, health care, full use of indigenous co-operative forms as well as political networking with other groups. Collectively these efforts form an alternative of eco-development -and \dq{reinhabitation.}\fnote{29} +and \dq{reinhabitation.}\fnote{The term \dq{re-inhabitation} is taken from one of many local journals which are now advocating the watershed as the natural eco-development unit. The strategy is the use of a combination of oral history and local ecological research as a place identification approach. See Paul Ryan's \bt{Talking Wood: Living in the Passaic Watershed}, 1980 (Talking Wood, PO.Box 364, Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442). (But the original use of the term was by Peter Berg in an article on \et{Re-Inhabitation of California} in \jt{The Ecologist} in the early 1970's.)} Thus, a sphere of emancipation not generally recognized is latent in the \dq{ecology movement's} rejection of the existing @@ -716,7 +730,7 @@ which had created a major conflict of domestic and \dq{public} spheres of existence. The result was a new economic interest in the sex-coupling of female shadow-workers and male wage-workers that replaced more equitable forms of subsistence -work for both sexes.\fnote{30} +work for both sexes.\fnote{See Ivan Illich, \bt{Shadow Work} (Boston, Marion Boyers, 1981).} Illich's thesis is that the bifurcation of work in the modern era into wage-labor and shadow-work, which has been @@ -795,7 +809,7 @@ more possible to radicalize and guide experimental practice by constructing models of democratization that anticipate more universal and reflexive forms of learning. The existing strategies for \dq{self-management} of productive organizations -could be recast in terms of the \dq{communicative rationalization}\fnote{31} +could be recast in terms of the \dq{communicative rationalization}\fnote{For the notion of communicative rationalization, see Jurgen Habermas' \et{Science and Technology as Ideology} in \bt{Toward a Rational Society} (Boston, Beacon, 1970). However, this paper represents a critique of Habermas' instrumental concept of natural science as well as his orientation toward core nation-states of the West. For an account of his notion of critical theory, see my \bt{The Critique of Domination} (Boston, Beacon, 1974).} of decision-making processes, and how these may be more discursively open to participation. Societally the notion of communicative democratization is also helpful for the @@ -834,7 +848,7 @@ effectively view all past forms of \dq{justice} as corrupted and destroyed and only the present authenticity of affinity-groups as consistent with libertarian futures, they fail in their conception of how these \dq{islands of liberation} relate to wider social -and political processes.\fnote{32} +and political processes.\fnote{Yet there is a sense in which the anarchist position's notion that theory and practice is ultimately unified art the level of action which changes reality cannot be faulted. Especially in the American context, there is an affinity of anarcho-libertarianism and the historical symbols of independence, self-determination, and self-reliance which are, at least in origin, not reducible to possessive individualist idealizations of self-interested production for gain. These American practices were socially and ethically mediated by the ever-present American quest for \dq{community.} An anarchist practice still permeates the American movements for decentralization, ecology and appropriate technology, feminism, etc. There is also a unique amalgam of Old World utopian surplus and contemporary anarchist, neo-primitivist, and nativist symbols that simply mystifies Marxists---especially theoreticians who expect social relations to dance according to their notion of reason.} \sec V @@ -913,7 +927,7 @@ on forever\ld\ Mother Earth will retaliate, the whole environment will retaliate, and the abusers will be eliminated. Things come full circle\ld\ \e{That's} revolution, And that's a prophecy ot my people, of the Hopi people\ld\ American Indians have been trying to explain -this to Europeans for centuries.\fnote{33?}} +this to Europeans for centuries.\fnote{Russell Means, \et{For the World to Live, \sq{Europe} Must Die} in \jr{Mother Jones}, Dec. 1980.}} Other voices from internally colonized sectors of this country speak the same vision, albeit in different traditional @@ -933,7 +947,7 @@ both \dq{to revolve} and \dq{to dwell.} To live, to survive on the earth, to care for the soil and to worship, are all bound at the root to the idea of a cycle\ld\ If we corrupt agriculture we corrupt culture, for in nature and within certain invariable social necessities, we are -one body...\fnote{34}} +one body...\fnote{Wendell Berry, \bt{The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture} (San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1977).}} It is my contention that the Sioux spokesman and the poet from Kentucky both speak for the same American future and diff --git a/subnaturefn.otx b/subnaturefn.otx deleted file mode 100644 index 590baa5..0000000 --- a/subnaturefn.otx +++ /dev/null @@ -1,151 +0,0 @@ -FOOTNOTES - - - - - - - - - - -10 Ilya Prigogine, \et{Unity of Physical Laws and Levels of Description} in -M. Grene (editor) \jt{Interpretations of Life and Mind} (N.Y., Humanities -Press, 1971) and Ilya Prigogine and others \et{Thermodynamics of Evolution} in \jt{Physics Today} Vol. 25 #1, 1972, - -11 See John and Nancy Jack Todd, \bt{Tomorrow Is Our Permanent Address} (N.Y., Harper \& Row, 1980), p. 48. - -12 See Magoran Maruyama, \et{The Cybernetics: Deviation-Amplifying -Mutual Causal Processes} in \jt{American Scientist} \#51, 1963, and G. -Nicolis and I. Prigogine., \bt{Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems} - N.Y., Wiley Interscience, 1977). - -13 Lancelot L. Whyte, \et{Towards a Science of Form} in \jt{Hudson Review} -Vol 23 \#4, Winter 1970--71, reminds us of the sense in which the -natural world is a perceptually present world of spatial units from -molecules, crystals, organisms to solar systems and spiral nebul\ae. -How thesee spatial forms are generated---how these units and hierarchies -of units arise in nature---is the project of a morphic science. - -14 H.H. Pattee, \et{Complementarity vs. Reduction as Explanation of -Biological Complexity} in \jt{American Journal of Physiology} Vol. 236 -\#5, May 1979 where he argues: - -\Q{As a consequence of this property of information none of the rules -or constraints of information-processing systems can be reduced to -rate-dependent equations (to the structural laws of nature T.S.), and -therefore their descriptions cannot be integrated in time, as are rate -equations, to give the trajectory or behavior of the system. Such -informational constraints that have rate-independent alternative -structures are called nonintegrable\ld\ constraints. I would define -biological function as activity that is controlled or measured by -nonintegrable constraints.} -\Qs{(p. R244)} - -Both the explanatory laws of physics and the cybernetics of nonintegrable -constraints are essential for an account of biological organization. - -15 Bateson, \e{op. cit.}, p. 460. - -16 Ilya Prigogine, \bt{From Being to Becomuing: Time and Complexity in the -Phystcal Sciences} (San Francisco, WH. Freeman \& Co., 1980). - -17 G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine, \bt{Self-Organization inn Nonequilibrium -Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations} -(N.Y., John Wiley \& Sons, 1977). - -18 See Marjorie Grene's \bt{Approaches to a Philosophical Biology} (N.Y., -Basic Books, 1965) for a discussion of Portmann's thinking in contrast -to other biological theorists who reject the Galileian primary qualities -as fundamental for organic life. For a brief introduction to Portmann -in English, see \et{Beyond Darwinism}in \jt{Commentary} XL (1965), pp. -31--41. - -19 This argument is developed below in Section 1V. - -20 J E. Lovelock, \bt{Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth} (N.Y., Oxford -University Press, 1980) - -21 As indeed it has: See W. Ford Doolittle's review of Lovelock's book in -\jt{Co-Evolution Quarterly} \#29, Spring 1981, pp. 58ff. where the charge -that the feedback loops of Gaia are either created by natural selection -or, more likely to Doolittle, occur by chance. In response, we can return -to Prigogine's theory of dissipative structures: -\Q{We here propose an alternative description of prebiotic evolution. -The main idea is the possibility that a prebiological system may -evolve through a whole succession of transitions leading to a hierarchy -of more and more complex and organized states\ld\ As a -result, if the system is to be able to evolve through successive -instabilities, a mechanism must be developed whereby each new -transition favors further evolution by increasing the nonlinearity -and the distance from equilibrium. One obvious mechanism is that -each transition enables the system to increase the entropy production\ld} -\Qs{in \et{Thermodynamics of Evolution.} op. cit.} -However other reviewers of the book find the hypothesis tenable: See -K. Mellanby, \ht{New Scientist}, Oct 4, 1979; René Dubos, \jt{Nature}, Nov. 8, -1979; P Morrison, \jt{Scientific American}, March 1980. - -22 Erns Mayr, \et{Teleological and Teleonomic: A New Analysis} in \jt{Boston -Studies in the Philosophy of Science} 14 (1974), pp. 91--117. - -23 See EM. Lappe and J. Collins, \bt{Food First: The Myth of Scarcity} -(Ballantine Press, 1978). Also see \bt{The New International Division of -Labor} by F. Frobel, J. Heinrichs, D. Kreye (Cambridge University Press, -1980). - -24 See Gerald O. Barney, \bt{The Global 2000 Report to the President of -the U.S.: Vol. I The Summary Report} (NY., Pergamon Press, 1980). - -25 See Klaus Myer-Abich, \e{op. cit.} - -26 See Nicholas Georgesev-Roegen, \et{Inequality, Limits and Growth -from a Bio-Economic Viewpoint} in \jt{Review of Social Economy} V. 35, -Dec. 1977. - -26 See Serge Moscovici, \et{The Re-Enchantment of the World} in Norman -Birnbaum, \bt{Beyond the Crisis} (N.Y., Oxford University Press, -1977) for an analysis to which this paper is indebted. - -28 Raymond Dasmann, \et{Eco-Development} in the \jt{Planet Drum Review} -Vol. 1 \#2, Winter 1981. - -29 The term \dq{re-inhabitation} is taken from one of many local journals -which are now advocating the watershed as the natural eco-development -unit. The strategy is the use of a combination of oral history and local -ecological research as a place identification approach. See Paul Ryan's -\bt{Talking Wood: Living in the Passaic Watershed}, 1980 (Talking Wood, -PO.Box 364, Pompton Lakes, N.J. 07442). (But the original use of the -term was by Peter Berg in an article on \et{Re-Inhabitation of California} -in \jt{The Ecologist} in the early 1970's.) - -30 See Ivan Illich, \bt{Shadow Work} (Boston, Marion Boyers, 1981). - -31 For the notion of communicative rationalization, see Jurgen Habermas' -\et{Science and Technology as Ideology} in \bt{Toward a Rational Society} -(Boston, Beacon, 1970). However, this paper represents a critique of -Habermas' instrumental concept of natural science as well as his -orientation toward core nation-states of the West. For an account of -his notion of critical theory, see my \bt{The Critique of Domination} -(Boston, Beacon, 1974). - -32 Yet there is a sense in which the anarchist position's notion that theory -and practice is ultimately unified art the level of action which changes -reality cannot be faulted. Especially in the American context, there is -an affinity of anarcho-libertarianism and the historical symbols of -independence, self-determination, and self-reliance which are, at least -in origin, not reducible to possessive individualist idealizations of -self-interested production for gain. These American practices were -socially and ethically mediated by the ever-present American quest for -\dq{community.} An anarchist practice still permeates the American -movements for decentralization, ecology and approprate technology, -feminism, etc. There is also a unique amalgam of Old World utopian -surplus and contemporary anarchist, neo-primitivist, and nativist symbols - that simply mystifies Marxists---especially theoreticans who expect -social relations to dance according to their notion of reason. - -33 Russell Means, \et{For the World to Live, \sq{Europe} Must Die} in -\jr{Mother Jones}, Dec. 1980. - -34 Wendell Berry, \bt{The Unsettling of America: Culture and Agriculture} -(San Francisco, Sierra Club Books, 1977). - |