path: root/inserts.otx

\def\INSecho{\midinsert
\centerline{\picw=3in\inspic{echo.png}}
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\caption/f \e{Echo:} transmitter-receiver stations. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INSkennedy{\midinsert
\centerline{\picw=3in\inspic{kennedy.png}}
\cskip
\caption/f President Kennedy signing legislation to establish globe-circling system of communication satellites (August 31, 1962). Left to right: Congressman Oren Harris (D-Ark.), Senator Warren G.  Magnusan (D-Wash.), Senator Mike Mansfield (D-Mont.), Senator Richard Russel (D-Ga.), Senator Hubert Humphrey (D-Minn.), Joseph Beirne, (President, Communication Workers of America), Congressman William L. Springer (R-Ill.), Senator John O. Pastore (D-R.I.), unidentified, and FCC Chairman Newton N. Minow. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INSpeters{\midinsert

Peters projection 

\inspic{peters.png}
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\caption/f This map is based on Peters Projection rathe: than the more familiar Mercator Projection.  It represents the more densely settled zones of the earth in better proportion to each other than does the Mercator Projection, and is thus considered an important step away from Eurocentric concepts of geography and culture. 
\endinsert}

\def\INSnsdiag{\midinsert
{\typoscale[1200/] What is the North-South dialogue?}

The demand for the New International Economic Order originated from a group of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. They form the \dq{South} of the world in relation to the developed countries of Europe and North America. The discussion of global economic change between the rich and the poor has thus been dubbed the \dq{North-South} dialogue, although the geographical south does include such developed countries as Japan and Australia. Also, the socialist countries of Eastern Europe object to being lumped with market economy countries in the \dq{North}, but the phrase has been too convenient to fall into disuse. In the years since the call for a new world order the dialogue has settled into negotiations on a number of subjects and it would be more correct today to speak of North-South \e{negotiations} rather than of dialogue.

When the United Nations General Assembly called for the New International Economic Order it did so by consensus. But this consensus hid serious differences between the developing country group and several of the richest countries. In essence, their differences turned on the issue of whether the existing order of the world economy could be reformed or whether it needed to be structurally changed. Developed countries which had benefited most from the post-war economic system were loath to support basic changes. Developing countries, many of whom had not participated in the creation of this system and few of whom had benefited from it, saw no reason why a new order should not be negotiated from the basics. 

Since 1974 the dialogue and the negotiations between the developed and developing countries have been almost continuous. In a number of forums they have dealt with all the major issues involved in changing the world's economy. This includes trade, money, food, industry, science and technology, transport and communication. 

The process has involved governments in major world conferences. It has brought countless panels of experts to study specific aspects of the subject. It has involved reports from eminent commissions such as those led by Willy Brandt of the Federal Republic of Germany and Sean McBride of Ireland. Non-governmental organizations have participated, as have journalists in influential sections of the media. 

In the closing years of the 1970s there was general recognition that North-South negotiations were in the doldrums. Important advances in several areas had been made, as described in the following pages, but the urgent and comprehensive action necessary to deal with a range of serious problems had not been taken. In 1979 two important conferences---the fifth United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD V) in Manila and the third General Conference of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO III) in New Delhi---were both disappointing in their results. The Tokyo Round of trade liberalization talks, which had as a primary aim the benefit of developing countries, also ended in 1979 with the bitter refusal of developing countries to sign the final protocols. 

\e{from \booktitle{Towards A World Economy That Works} (United Nations, New York, 1980).}
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\def\INSearlybird{\midinsert
\centerline{\inspic{earlybird.png}}
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\caption/f \e{Early Bird}: first commercial communications satellite underwent tests at Hughes Aircraft Company before it was shipped to Cape Kennedy for launching. Satellite is raised skyward on long boom on radio frequency range to test antenna. Built for the Communications Satellite Corporation, Early Bird weighs about 85 pounds after placement in synchronous orbit of 22,300 miles above earth. Positioned over the Atlantic, it provides 240 two-way telephone channels or two-way TV between Europe and North America. Satellite is also capable of carrying teletype, facsimile and high-speed data. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INStelearth{\midinsert
\inspic{telstar_earth.png}
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\caption/f \e{Telstar I} (Earth Station) Goonhilly Downs, Cornwall, England. 85-foot paraboloid mounted on concrete azimuth. Structure turns on large ball bearings and is turned by bicycle chain, Two concrete \sq{A} sections hold elevation structure and steel dish. (Bell Labs).
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\def\INStelcape{\midinsert
\inspic{telstar_cape.png}
\caption/f \e{Telstar I:} At Cape Canaveral Bell Labs engineer sights through a telescope attached to radar antenna at the Delta rocket carrying \e{Telstar} satellite into orbit. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INStelmaine{\midinsert
\centerline{\inspic{telstar_maine.png}}
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\caption/f \e{Telstar I} (Earth Station), Andover, Maine: construction of 177 foot long reflector antenna used in satellite began with launching of \e{Telstar}in spring of 1863 (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INScapitol{\midinsert
\centerline{\inspic{capitol.png}}
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\caption/f In sight of Capitol building, Washington, D.C. technicians com- plete link in continent and ocean-spanning telecommunications network. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INSapollo{
\midinsert
\centerline{\inspic{apollo.png}}
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\caption/f \e{Project Apollo.} Live satellite transmission. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INStelbrit{\midinsert
\centerline{\inspic{telstar_brittany.png}}
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\caption/f \e{Telstar I} (Earth Station), Pleumeur, Brittany, France. Ground station built by French National Center of Telecommunications Studies. Radome looms over countryside. (Bell Labs). 
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\def\INSechotwo{\midinsert
\centerline{\inspic{echo2.png}}
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\caption/f \e{Echo} (Bell Labs). 
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