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@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ % 2 -\chapter{} +\chap\nl -How did this development come to be? Surely more forces were at work than \enquote{Progress?} This +How did this development come to be? Surely more forces were at work than \dq{Progress?} This essay is not a history of the information revolution, but some mention must be made in passing. At some point during the Second World War, a series of decisions to computerize were reached. The overriding concerns were military and intelligence applications. It should be noted that private industry would never have invested in this, or any other development. Without government investment, bankers are paragons of timidity. -The founders of the information, or cybernetic age, were Alan Turing, John Von Neuman, Norbert +The founders of the information, or cybernetic age, were Alan Turing, John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, Claude Shannon and later, Noam Chomsky. Hordes of electrical engineers---whether they understood what they were doing or not---reworked almost every philosophical problem known to humans in terms of circuitry and programming languages. These problems began, of course, centuries -ago. For instance the epistimological question: what is knowledge, how do we know, how do we know we +ago. For instance the epistemological question: what is knowledge, how do we know, how do we know we know, how does it relate to the world outside, who controls knowledge, who has it and who does not, what is it worth, how do we talk about it (which is the question of what language we shall use and how shall we talk), and what instrumentalities we perceive through. @@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ how shall we talk), and what instrumentalities we perceive through. Questions of the technology of knowing must be interwoven with political and economic considerations (within the confines of what is scientifically and technologically possible), which is to say knowledge systems are structured like intelligence and counter-intelligence systems. There is to be -written a whole history of secret and coded knowledges\ldots\ priestly systems, rites, hierarchies and -ceremonies of learning and passage, memory systems, networks of initiates\ldots\ In addition, one should +written a whole history of secret and coded knowledges\ld\ priestly systems, rites, hierarchies and +ceremonies of learning and passage, memory systems, networks of initiates\ld\ In addition, one should ask: why did one set of systems triumph---that is to say, why were they preserved, and remembered---and others fail? There is room for a history of the politics of the promotion, funding -and triumph of intellectual knowledge systems and this includes the rememberance of the major +and triumph of intellectual knowledge systems and this includes the remembrance of the major streams of philosophy. Philosophy is one of the atmospheric backgrounds which provides for a general and unified state of perception against which day to day knowledge is learned. @@ -35,14 +35,14 @@ choices? It was easier to design electrical circuits that could carry out the lo The system began slowly, went on line massively with mainframes and minis in the fifties, mostly in defense and intelligence applications, followed closely by banking and business. -In the seventies, a massive campaign was mounted to \enquote{democratize} the computer. The micro +In the seventies, a massive campaign was mounted to \dq{democratize} the computer. The micro was developed by small, innovative businessmen-technicians. Sales propaganda was disseminated in the -name of enlightenment, efficiency, transcendance and power. Every possible sales technique known to +name of enlightenment, efficiency, transcendence and power. Every possible sales technique known to public relations, advertising and mythology was employed to sell the computer. Not only were ancient and modern symbols deployed, but also fear. It became possible, we were told, to have a computer in -the home that was once as large as a building\ldots\ and did the same work. +the home that was once as large as a building\ld\ and did the same work. -One notes the parallel developments and \enquote{needs}: The committment to the Great Theater of +One notes the parallel developments and \dq{needs}: The commitment to the Great Theater of perpetual war as the pressure system out of which innovation and invention and progress came. This generated a need for a vast corps of mind-workers. Cheap education produced intellectuals. This led not only to the further proliferation of mindworkers, but of mediators and mediational systems. @@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ deconstructionists; quantifiers; metricians; statisticians; propagandists; accou lawyers and proliferators of law; interactivists (and their connecting machineries); cosmic and microcosmic theoreticians; agronomists; doctors; philosophical logicians and inventors of yet newer and newer mathematics; salesmen; priests and ministers and inventors of yet-new religions; logical -and scientific astrologers\ldots\ And now, in the present age, all this to be machined. +and scientific astrologers\ld\ And now, in the present age, all this to be machined. They sought both unity and fragmentation. Now one must admit that there is a propensity in some humans to generate new unifying theories and technologies while at the same time inventing and -proliferating new explanatory systems and new subtheories\ldots\ all of which promise to explain +proliferating new explanatory systems and new subtheories\ld\ all of which promise to explain everything. This seems to be a function of the density of intellectuals, in terms of availability of jobs and competition, both relative and absolute, to a general and non-theorizing population. This -insures that a fair percentage of those theories will be nonsensical, if not fraudulent\ldots\ which is +insures that a fair percentage of those theories will be nonsensical, if not fraudulent\ld\ which is no impediment to their triumph. In addition, general systems theory took hold, and every aspect of the universe was designated a @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ least incrementally---the sum of human knowledge. Accompanying this development agenda: the compulsion to impose order, predictability, to eliminate risk and uncertainty. But as far as this ancient agenda was concerned, the commitment should be shared, paid for by some part of the public. New processes would in turn create still newer knowledge. And, as all things happen in -this modern society, the \enquote{system,} with all of its attendant confusions, complexities and +this modern society, the \dq{system,} with all of its attendant confusions, complexities and corruptions, with its intense conflicts among the different programs, systems and equipment manufacturers, with its political and business battles, has been laid on in the most haphazard, ridiculous, expensive, inefficient and disorganized way (repeating our earlier history of canals, @@ -83,41 +83,39 @@ railroads, highways, transit systems, communications and technology in general). conflict of computer, communicating and language-conversion systems with many fundamental problems still unsolved. - -(And here, lest we forget that the problem is not merely \enquote{intellectual,} we must remember +(And here, lest we forget that the problem is not merely \dq{intellectual,} we must remember concrete institutions with which intellectuals are connected, and who provide their funding. How, and to whom, ideas are sold: we must think about AT\&T, Sperry-Rand, IT\&T, IBM, Citicorp and -Chase\ldots\ We must also not forget that there are unwritten and true histories to be done of the +Chase\ld\ We must also not forget that there are unwritten and true histories to be done of the Department of Defense, the National Security Agency, the CIA, all intelligence agencies of the world, and how the intellectual thought of these agencies permeates every aspect of everyday life. We must think about the politics of international and national communications policy and how these issues are fought out in corporations, legislative bodies and regulatory agencies. We must think of pricing, advertising, marketing, promotion, generations of faulty computers, paper computers, -imbecilic competiton, suppression of innovation, influence-peddling, lobbying, bribes, kickbacks and -the rest of the common paraphenalia of business\ldots\ especially at a time when business becomes -ever-more \enquote{intellectualized.}) +imbecilic competition, suppression of innovation, influence-peddling, lobbying, bribes, kickbacks and +the rest of the common paraphernalia of business\ld\ especially at a time when business becomes +ever-more \dq{intellectualized.}) -There was a nescessity to translate all living and non-living forms, to simulate events and natural -processes, to chart their interactions and simulate thse interrelations and to begin to fill the -memory and data banks. This growing assemblage gradually becomes the total environment\ldots\ at least +There was a necessity to translate all living and non-living forms, to simulate events and natural +processes, to chart their interactions and simulate those interrelations and to begin to fill the +memory and data banks. This growing assemblage gradually becomes the total environment\ld\ at least for a few. These developments are new but are also, at the same time, the fulfillment of an ancient -desire: to control the material world by the manipulation of secret know]ledge (secret, in modern +desire: to control the material world by the manipulation of secret knowledge (secret, in modern times, by being priced, being made into intellectual property, being classified). How does this differ from the practices of ancient priests, shamans, magicians? Ancient magicians thought they could control the environment. How did information control the material world in the past? By assuming a connection between the internal system of intellectual -order and the \emph{external} system of \emph{material} order. One controlled the cosmos by the uses +order and the \e{external} system of \e{material} order. One controlled the cosmos by the uses of resonances and dissonances, rhythms compatible with the true natural rhythm of the spheres, by the use of a chant, an incantation, a dance, a ritual; or one could apply sacred geometry, -controlling shapes that were analogous to the shape of the worlds one wanted to dominate\ldots\ +controlling shapes that were analogous to the shape of the worlds one wanted to dominate\ld\ magic. Magic embodies a primitive theory of electromagnetism and telecommunication. Magic desires to achieve telepathy and teleportation. Voodoo, for instance, contains the notion of a communicating medium and the communicants who believe in it. The Catholic Church is a communicating organism with an apparatus of switches and relays and a communicating language for the input of prayers through a churchly switchboard up to Heaven, and outputs returned to the supplicant. And above all, all -ancient and primitive systems implicitly propose the notion of an ordered, coherant universe, +ancient and primitive systems implicitly propose the notion of an ordered, coherent universe, expressible in a certain set of languages, the manipulation of which manipulates the universe. The question is: do these systems manipulate the universe or a simulation of the universe? What certain -intellectuals in modern society propose is electromagic. - +intellectuals in modern society propose is electromagic.
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